Star schema

In computing, the star schema (also called star-join schema, data cube, or multi-dimensional schema) is the simplest style of data mart schema. The star schema consists of one or more fact tables referencing any number of dimension tables. The star schema is an important special case of the snowflake schema, and is more effective for handling simpler queries.^[1]

The star schema gets its name from the logical model's resemblance to a star with a fact table at its center and the dimension tables surrounding it representing the star's points.

Model

The star schema separates business data into facts, which hold the measurable, quantitative data about a business, and dimensions which are descriptive attributes related to fact data. Examples of fact data include sales price, sale quantity, and time, distance, speed, and weight measurements. Related dimension attribute examples include product models, product colors, product sizes, geographic locations, and salesperson names.

A star schema that has many dimensions is sometimes called a centipede schema.^[2] Having dimensions of only a few attributes, while simpler to maintain, results in queries with many table joins and makes the star schema less easy to use.

Fact tables

Fact tables record measurements or metrics for a specific event. Fact tables are designed to a low level of uniform detail (referred to as "granularity" or "grain"), meaning facts can record events at a very atomic level. This can result in the accumulation of a large number of records in a fact table over time. Fact tables are defined as one of three types:

• Transaction fact tables record facts about a specific event (e.g., sales events)
• Snapshot fact tables record facts at a given point in time (e.g., account details at month end)
• Accumulating snapshot tables record aggregate facts at a given point in time (e.g., total month-to-date sales for a product)

Fact tables are generally assigned a surrogate key to ensure each row can be uniquely identified.

Dimension tables

Dimension tables usually have a relatively small number of records compared to fact tables, but each record may have a very large number of attributes to describe the fact data. Dimensions can define a wide variety of characteristics, but some of the most common attributes defined by dimension tables include:

• Time dimension tables describe time at the lowest level of time granularity for which events are recorded in the star schema
• Geography dimension tables describe location data, such as country, state, or city
• Product dimension tables describe products
• Employee dimension tables describe employees, such as salespeople
• Range dimension tables describe ranges of time, dollar values, or other measurable quantities to simplify reporting

Dimension tables are generally assigned a surrogate primary key, usually a single-column integer data type, mapped to the combination of dimension attributes that form the natural key.

Benefits

Star schemas are denormalized, meaning the normal rules of normalization applied to transactional relational databases are relaxed during star schema design and implementation. The benefits of star schema denormalization are:

• Simpler queries - star schema join logic is generally simpler than the join logic required to retrieve data from a highly normalized transactional schemas.
• Simplified business reporting logic - when compared to highly normalized schemas, the star schema simplifies common business reporting logic, such as period-over-period and as-of reporting.
• Query performance gains - star schemas can provide performance enhancements for read-only reporting applications when compared to highly normalized schemas.
• Fast aggregations - the simpler queries against a star schema can result in improved performance for aggregation operations.
• Feeding cubes - star schemas are used by all OLAP systems to build proprietary OLAP cubes efficiently; in fact, most major OLAP systems provide a ROLAP mode of operation which can use a star schema directly as a source without building a proprietary cube structure.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of the star schema is that data integrity is not enforced as well as it is in a highly normalized database. One-off inserts and updates can result in data anomalies which normalized schemas are designed to avoid. Generally speaking, star schemas are loaded in a highly controlled fashion via batch processing or near-real time "trickle feeds", to compensate for the lack of protection afforded by normalization.

Example

Star schema used by example query.

Consider a database of sales, perhaps from a store chain, classified by date, store and product. The image of the schema to the right is a star schema version of the sample schema provided in the snowflake schema article.

Fact_Sales is the fact table and there are three dimension tables Dim_Date, Dim_Store and Dim_Product.

Each dimension table has a primary key on its Id column, relating to one of the columns (viewed as rows in the example schema) of the Fact_Sales table's three-column (compound) primary key (Date_Id, Store_Id, Product_Id). The non-primary key Units_Sold column of the fact table in this example represents a measure or metric that can be used in calculations and analysis. The non-primary key columns of the dimension tables represent additional attributes of the dimensions (such as the Year of the Dim_Date dimension).

For example, the following query answers how many TV sets have been sold, for each brand and country, in 1997:

SELECT        P.Brand,        S.Country,        SUM(F.Units_Sold)FROM Fact_Sales FINNER JOIN Dim_Date D    ON F.Date_Id = D.IdINNER JOIN Dim_Store S   ON F.Store_Id = S.IdINNER JOIN Dim_Product P ON F.Product_Id = P.IdWHERE        D.YEAR = 1997AND P.Product_Category = 'tv'GROUP BY        P.Brand,        S.Country

See also

• Reverse star schema
• Snowflake schema

References

External links

• Designing the Star Schema Database by Craig Utley
• Stars: A Pattern Language for Query Optimized Schema
• Star schema optimizations
• Fact constellation schema
• Data Warehouses, Schemas and Decision Support Basics by Dan Power